Sulawesi, Indonesia, was hit by a tsunami in 2018 following a 7.5-magnitude earthquake in Palu, causing over 4,000 deaths and highlighting the region’s seismic risks.

Mandarin uses Hanzi (logographic characters). While Hindi is also a major language using Devanagari, Mandarin's native speaker population is significantly larger.

Punjabi is written in the Gurmukhi script in India (Sikh religion) and the Shahmukhi script (a Perso-Arabic variant) in Pakistan, making it a major language spanning both countries.

Due to the Moorish rule of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) for centuries, Spanish has a large number of loanwords from Arabic, often recognizable by the prefix 'al-' (e.g., alcohol, algebra, almohada [pillow]).

Persian, or Farsi, is the official language of Iran. Unlike the neighboring Arabic, Persian is an Indo-European language, written in a Perso-Arabic script.

Malay (Bahasa Melayu) is officially written in both the Latin alphabet (Rumi) and Jawi, a Perso-Arabic script, particularly in Brunei and as an alternative script in Malaysia.

Morocco's constitution recognizes both Classical Arabic and the indigenous Amazigh language as official. French is also widely used in business and administration but is not officially recognized at the same level.

Standard Arabic is the official language of Egypt and is used in all formal and government contexts, though Egyptian Arabic is the everyday spoken language.

Amharic is the official language of Ethiopia, while its neighbors use a variety of languages, including Arabic, French, and Tigrinya.

Persian, known locally as Farsi, is the official language of Iran and the primary language of education and government. Arabic is the language of religion (Islam) but not the official state language.