Social Darwinism was used by imperialists to justify the conquest of 'weaker' races, arguing that European dominance was nature's way of improving the human species.

The Luddites were 19th-century English textile workers who protested against newly developed labor-saving machinery by destroying it, fearing it would take their jobs.

The Council of Trent was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic doctrine, corrected abuses, and reformed the church administration.

Titian (Tiziano Vecelli) was the greatest painter of the Venetian School, celebrated for his mastery of color and his dynamic compositions.

William Shakespeare is the preeminent writer of the Elizabethan era (English Renaissance), known for his plays and sonnets that explore the human condition with profound depth.

The movement encouraged the boycott of British goods and the use of Indian-made goods in response to Lord Curzon's partition of Bengal.

Gandhi led the 24-day march in 1930 to protest the British salt tax, a pivotal moment in the independence movement.

Pakistan conducted nuclear tests on May 28, 1998, in response to India's nuclear tests earlier that month.

Gandhi marched to the sea to produce salt from seawater, defying the British law that made salt production a government monopoly.

Viceroy Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal into East and West for administrative reasons, which sparked massive nationalist protests.