Compiled by Abu Tammam, the Hamasah collects snippets of earlier poetry, categorized by themes, with bravery being the most prominent.

Abu Nuwas is a legendary figure in Arabic literature, known for his mastery of language and his scandalous, humorous poetry about wine and urban life.

Al-Khansa is the most celebrated writer of elegies in Arabic literature, famously mourning her brothers Sakhr and Mu'awiyah.

Ibn al-Muqaffa' translated the Persian version of the Indian fables into Arabic, creating a masterpiece of early Arabic prose.

Imru' al-Qais is the most celebrated pre-Islamic poet; his ode established the standard structure for the classical Arabic Qasida.

A Ghazal consists of rhyming couplets and a refrain, traditionally dealing with loss and love.
The other forms are of European origin.

Maltese is a Semitic language derived from Arabic (specifically Siculo-Arabic) but has been heavily influenced by Italian and English and is written in the Latin alphabet.

Arabic (and Hebrew) is an impure Abjad, meaning the script primarily writes consonants, while vowels are implied or indicated with optional diacritics.

Modern Turkish uses a Latin-based alphabet, introduced in 1928 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to replace the Ottoman Turkish script (which used Arabic characters).

The word comes from the Arabic 'al-jabr' (the reunion of broken parts) from the title of a book written by the mathematician Al-Khwarizmi.