Paraphyses are sterile, multicellular, filamentous structures that grow alongside the reproductive organs (antheridia and archegonia) in mosses like Funaria. They serve several protective functions, including maintaining a moist microenvironment around the gametangia to prevent desiccation and potentially assisting in the protection of the developing reproductive cells.

In many bryophytes and pteridophytes, the rhizome serves as a storage organ. It is often rich in dense protoplasm and contains various storage materials, including oil globules, which provide the necessary energy reserves for the plant during periods of dormancy or when initiating new growth. This nutrient-rich tissue is essential for the survival and vegetative propagation of the plant.

Gametangia are specialized organs in plants, fungi, and algae where gametes are produced. They are considered fertile structures because they contain the cells that undergo meiosis or mitosis to form reproductive gametes, distinguishing them from sterile vegetative tissues that do not participate directly in gamete formation.

The leaves of Funaria are structurally complex for a bryophyte. They possess a distinct central midrib composed of elongated cells, and the lateral portions of the leaf, known as wings or lamina, are typically one cell thick, facilitating efficient photosynthesis.

The stem of Funaria shows a simple internal differentiation. The central part consists of a central cylinder (hydrom), which is surrounded by a broad region known as the cortex. The cortex provides structural support and storage, and it is enclosed by the outermost epidermis layer.

The leaves of Polytrichum are green because they contain chlorophyll within the cells of the lamellae and the leaf blade. This green coloration is essential for the plant's autotrophic mode of nutrition through photosynthesis.

In many mosses, the central conducting strand consists of two primary cell types: hydroids, which are responsible for water conduction, and stereids, which provide mechanical support and structural integrity to the stem.

Sphagnol is a dark, oily, and aromatic substance obtained by the dry distillation of peat, specifically from Sphagnum moss. It has historically been used in medicinal preparations for its antiseptic and skin-soothing properties.

The development of the amphithecium in mosses is initiated by specific patterns of cell division. The initial cells undergo divisions that result in the formation of four rectangular cells, which then continue to divide to form the outer layers of the capsule wall. This structural organization is fundamental to the development of the sporophyte in bryophytes.

The peristome in Polytrichum consists of a ring of teeth that are derived from thickened cell wall remnants. These teeth are arranged in a thick, rigid rim structure that controls the release of spores from the capsule based on environmental humidity.