Hamas (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya) is a Palestinian nationalist and Islamist political and military organization founded in 1987.

Originally named the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 1969, its name was officially changed to Organization of Islamic Cooperation in 2011.

In Islamic law of inheritance, the estate and property left behind by a deceased person after settling debts and funeral costs is termed Tarka.

The Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) is a constitutional body established under Article 228 of the 1973 Constitution to advise Parliament on Islamic legal compliance.

The Charter of Medina (Mithaq al-Madina), drafted in 622 CE, established civic rights, common defense, and judicial authority among Muslims and Jewish tribes in Madina.

In Islamic jurisprudence, Ijma literally means consensus or unanimous agreement among qualified scholars (Mujtahideen) on a legal question.

The funeral prayer is a collective communal obligation (Fard al-Kifayah); if a group of Muslims performs it, the obligation is discharged for the entire community.

In Islamic law, the threshold (Nisab) for Zakat on gold is 7.5 tolas (approx. 87.48 grams or 20 Mithqals), taxable at a rate of 2.5%.

These are the four established orthodox Sunni schools of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh).

Jabir ibn Hayyan, often known in the West as Geber, was an early Islamic polymath widely considered as the father of Arab chemistry.