Iltutmish introduced the Iqtadari system, where land (Iqta) was assigned to officials (Iqtadars) in lieu of salary.

Persian was the official court language and the language of administration and high culture throughout the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal era.

Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani), the successor of Nadir Shah in Afghanistan, launched a series of invasions (about 8 times) that shattered the Mughal administration and the Maratha power.

The Sadr-us-Sudur was the chief advisor on religious matters and was responsible for distributing grants (Madad-i-Maash) and charities to scholars and the needy.

In 1573, Akbar appointed officials called 'Karoris' who were responsible for measuring land and collecting revenue amounting to one crore (karor) dams.

The Mir Bakshi was the head of the military department, responsible for the recruitment, payment, and inspection of the mansabdars and soldiers, as well as intelligence.

Chehra was the system of maintaining a descriptive roll of every soldier to prevent the employment of proxy or inferior soldiers.

Abul Fazl was the court historian and close friend of Akbar who wrote the Akbarnama, the third volume of which is the Ain-i-Akbari, detailing the administration.

Polaj was the land that was cultivated annually without any break to ensure continuous revenue.

The Amil or Amalguzar was the revenue collector at the sarkar or pargana level, responsible for assessing and collecting land revenue.