Monsoons are seasonal wind reversals caused primarily by differential thermal heating between continental landmasses and surrounding oceans.

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) was proposed by China in 2013 and officially established in 2015 by China alongside founding partner states.

Geothermal, tidal, and biomass are all naturally replenished energy sources.

Slaughter fits because both words refer to the brutal killing of many people or animals, making them synonyms.

Slaughter is a direct synonym of massacre because both words mean the violent killing of many people or animals.

The Indian Ocean is bounded by landmasses in the tropics and lacks polar connectivity to the north, making its surface temperatures the warmest on average.

The text explains that glaciers consist of fallen snow that compresses over years into large ice masses without fully melting.

In 2007, Hugo Chávez was serving as the President of Venezuela [1, p7]. He held this office from 1999 until his death in 2013.

In 2009, Hu Jintao was the paramount leader of China. He held the key positions of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (from 2002 to 2012) and President of the People's Republic of China (from 2003 to 2013). He also served as Chairman of the Central Military Commission (from 2004 to 2012) [2, p22].

As of early 2011, when this paper was likely set, Pakistan had served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council six times. These terms were: 1952–1953, 1968–1969, 1976–1977, 1983–1984, 1993–1994, and 2003–20042. Pakistan was later elected for a seventh term (2012-2013).