#1341

Which of the following best summarizes the 2025 hydrogen market outlook?

(a) Strong FIDs, minimal cancellations

(b) est summarizes the 2025 hydrogen market outlook?

(c) Universal carbon pricing boosted demand

(d) Electrolyser prices halved

Explanation: The IEA emphasized cancellations/delays and policy uncertainty curbing momentum. ([Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/iea-cuts-2030-low-emissions-hydrogen-production-outlook-by-nearly-quarter-2025-09-12/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "IEA cuts 2030 low-emissions hydrogen production outlook by nearly a quarter"))

#1342

The Southwest Monsoon in Pakistan typically occurs from June till September in almost the whole country, EXCEPT for which regions?

(a) Punjab and Sindh

(b) Western Balochistan, FATA, Chitral, and Gilgit-Baltistan

(c) Central KPK and Upper Sindh

(d) Islamabad and Rawalpindi

Explanation: The Southwest Monsoon brings essential summer rains to the majority of Pakistan between June and September. However, certain northern and western regions, including western Balochistan, FATA (Tribal Areas), Chitral, and Gilgit-Baltistan, are largely excluded from this monsoon system's main influence.

#1343

13th Conference of NAM was held in September 2003 in:

(a) Havana (Cuba)

(b) Kuala Lumpur

(c) Cairo (Egypt)

(d) None of these

Explanation: The 13th Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Summit was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in February 2003 (some preparatory meetings occurred later). The summit focused on revitalization of the movement in a post-Cold War world.

#1344

Pak-Afghan relations were formally severed in September 1961 over which primary issue?

(a) Durand Line

(b) Pakhtunistan issue

(c) Water dispute

(d) Transit trade

Explanation: Diplomatic relations were broken off on September 6, 1961, due to tensions regarding the 'Pakhtunistan' movement, which Afghanistan supported.

#1345

Who is the current Chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party (as of 2025)?

(a) Asif Ali Zardari

(b) Bilawal Bhutto Zardari

(c) Bakhtawar Bhutto

(d) Yousaf Raza Gillani

Explanation: Bilawal Bhutto Zardari has been the Chairman of the PPP since 2007, following the assassination of his mother, Benazir Bhutto. He served as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan from 2022 to 2023.

#1346

Which party is currently leading the provincial government in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (as of 2025)?

(a) ANP

(b) JUI-F

(c) PTI (backed by SIC)

(d) PML-N

Explanation: Following the 2024 elections, PTI-backed candidates who joined the SIC formed the provincial government in KP, with Ali Amin Gandapur as the Chief Minister.

#1347

Who is the current Chief of Army Staff (COAS) of Pakistan as of late 2025?

(a) General Qamar Javed Bajwa

(b) General Asim Munir

(c) General Sahir Shamshad Mirza

(d) General Nadeem Anjum

Explanation: General Asim Munir assumed the office of COAS in November 2022, succeeding General Bajwa. His tenure has been marked by a strong emphasis on economic revival through the SIFC and maintaining institutional integrity after the May 9 events.

#1348

In 2024 and 2025, a major point of contention between the government and digital rights activists was the implementation of what technology?

(a) 5G Networks

(b) National Firewall

(c) Digital Rupee

(d) E-Voting Machines

Explanation: The installation of a 'National Firewall' for content filtering and the resulting internet slowdowns became a massive controversy in 2024-2025. Civil society and IT experts argued that it would harm the freelance economy and restricted the right to information and free digital communication.

#1349

Which segment of civil society was most vocal in 2025 regarding the high inflation and cost of living in Pakistan?

(a) Upper-class industrialists

(b) Traders' associations and labor unions

(c) Foreign diplomats

(d) The judiciary

Explanation: In 2024 and 2025, several nationwide strikes (shutter-down strikes) were organized by traders' associations and labor unions to protest high electricity tariffs and rising taxes, showcasing the power of organized economic interest groups in civil society.

#1350

In the context of 2025 digital governance, what does 'E-Governance' mean in Pakistan?

(a) Ruling through Twitter

(b) Digitalization of government services to improve transparency and efficiency

(c) Selling electronics in government offices

(d) A system where only robots can vote

Explanation: E-Governance initiatives in Pakistan (like the Punjab IT Board's projects) aim to reduce the interface between civil servants and the public, thereby reducing corruption and providing better access to documents like driving licenses and land records.

#1351

In 2025, civil society activists expressed concern over the use of which technology for 'facial recognition' in urban areas?

(a) Safe City Projects

(b) Smart Watches

(c) Netflix

(d) Digital Radios

Explanation: Safe City Projects in major cities like Lahore and Islamabad use AI and facial recognition for security. Civil society groups have raised concerns about the lack of a 'Data Protection Law' and the potential for these systems to be used for political surveillance.

#1352

Which city was ranked as South Asia's cleanest city in 2025, a point highlighted by local civil society as a model for urban management?

(a) Islamabad

(b) Lahore

(c) Peshawar

(d) Karachi

Explanation: In 2025, Islamabad was recognized as the cleanest city in South Asia. This was celebrated by local environmental groups as a success of urban planning, despite the challenges of rapid urbanization and waste management in the country.

#1353

The 'Niazi vs. State' cases in 2024-2025 involving 'missing' social media activists were primarily handled through which legal writ?

(a) Habeas Corpus

(b) Certiorari

(c) Quo Warranto

(d) Prohibition

Explanation: The writ of Habeas Corpus ('produce the body') is the primary legal tool used by civil society lawyers to demand the release of individuals allegedly abducted by state agencies for their online or political activities.

#1354

What role does 'VPN' (Virtual Private Network) play in Pakistan's media landscape as of 2025?

(a) It is used to watch PTV

(b) It is used by citizens to bypass government-imposed blocks on platforms like X

(c) It is a government software for taxes

(d) It is used for land mapping

Explanation: Following the ban on X (Twitter) in 2024, millions of Pakistanis used VPNs to access the platform. In 2025, the government attempted to register VPNs and block 'unauthorized' ones, leading to further tension with digital rights groups.

#1355

In 2025, Pakistan launched which communication satellite, helping to expand media reach and digital connectivity?

(a) PRSS-2

(b) PakSat-MM1

(c) Badr-C

(d) PakSat-1R

Explanation: PakSat-MM1 was launched in 2025 to boost Pakistan's communication infrastructure. It improves internet speeds and provides high-definition broadcasting capacity, which is essential for the growing digital media sector.

#1356

The 'Niazi' vs. the State narrative in the media during 2024-2025 highlighted the divide between:

(a) Sports and Politics

(b) Pro-PTI digital media vs. the pro-Establishment traditional media

(c) Sindh and Punjab

(d) Religious vs. Secular law

Explanation: The 2024-2025 period saw a deep polarization where mainstream TV channels (regulated by PEMRA) were seen as carrying the state's narrative, while YouTube and X became the primary battlegrounds for the PTI's counter-narrative.

#1357

Which guiding principle of the state was emphasized in 2025 as part of the country's urban management goals?

(a) Building more highways

(b) Environmental protection and cleanliness (Islamabad as a model)

(c) Nationalization of industries

(d) Abolishing local taxes

Explanation: In 2025, Islamabad's ranking as South Asia's cleanest city highlighted a growing focus on environmental protection and sustainable urban management as a guiding principle for municipal and state authorities.

#1358

Which guiding principle was emphasized in the 2024-2025 fiscal policy to address the IMF's $7 billion program requirements?

(a) Increasing subsidies

(b) Fiscal discipline and tax base expansion

(c) Fixed exchange rates

(d) Printing more currency

Explanation: To meet the conditions of the $7 billion IMF EFF program in 2024, Pakistan adopted fiscal discipline and tax base expansion as its primary economic guiding principles to ensure debt sustainability and macroeconomic stability.

#1359

What is the primary diplomatic challenge Pakistan faces regarding the interim Afghan government as of late 2025?

(a) Dispute over transit trade fees

(b) Cross-border terrorism and TTP safe havens

(c) Water sharing of the Kunar river

(d) Recognition of the Taliban cabinet

Explanation: The most persistent challenge in Pak-Afghan relations is the surge in cross-border attacks by the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). Despite repeated high-level engagements, the Afghan interim government's reluctance to take decisive action against these safe havens remains a major source of friction and a priority for Pakistan's national security and foreign policy.

#1360

Which specific economic challenge necessitated the $7 billion IMF Extended Fund Facility (EFF) approved in September 2024?

(a) High defense spending

(b) Balance of payments crisis and low foreign exchange reserves

(c) Excessive gold imports

(d) Funding for CPEC Phase II

Explanation: Pakistan faced a severe balance of payments crisis characterized by dwindling foreign exchange reserves and high external debt obligations. The $7 billion IMF program was critical to avoid default, though it imposes stringent conditions on fiscal reforms, tax base expansion, and energy price hikes that test the government's domestic and external standing.

September 2025 Current Affairs MCQs & Solutions