17 Questions• 13 Mins Practice• Updated for 2026 Competitive Exams
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1
In forensic medicine, the presence of lice on a deceased body typically suggests that death occurred within what timeframe?
Correct Option
Option B
Explanation
The presence of lice on a corpse is a forensic indicator used to estimate the post-mortem interval. Lice are obligate parasites that require a living host to survive. Once the host dies and the body temperature drops, lice typically migrate away or perish within a period of three to six days, making their presence a useful, albeit approximate, marker for time since death.
2
How are sadism, masochism, and fetishism classified in forensic psychology and legal medicine?
Correct Option
Option D
Explanation
In the context of forensic medicine and psychology, sadism, masochism, and fetishism are categorized as sexual perversions or paraphilias. These terms describe patterns of sexual behavior that deviate from conventional norms and are often relevant in legal cases involving criminal behavior, consent, or psychological evaluations of defendants.
3
Which ancient Greek philosopher is credited with the earliest systematic distinction between 'natural justice' and 'legal justice'?
Correct Option
Option B
Explanation
In his 'Nicomachean Ethics', Aristotle distinguished between natural justice, which has the same validity everywhere, and legal justice, which is based on local convention.
4
Which Roman jurist defined natural law as the law that nature has taught all animals, including humans?
Correct Option
Option B
Explanation
Ulpian, in the Digest of Justinian, articulated the concept of 'jus naturale' as a law common to all living beings, distinct from the civil law of specific states.
5
Thomas Aquinas categorized law into four types; which one represents the participation of the rational creature in the eternal law?
Correct Option
Option C
Explanation
In 'Summa Theologica', Aquinas defines natural law as the rational creature's participation in the eternal law of God through the exercise of human reason.
6
Hugo Grotius is often cited as the father of international law for secularizing natural law by arguing it would exist even if which condition were met?
Correct Option
Option B
Explanation
In 'De Jure Belli ac Pacis' (1625), Grotius famously stated 'etiamsi daremus non esse Deum' (even if we were to concede that God does not exist), establishing natural law on rationalist grounds.
7
Which Enlightenment thinker argued that in the state of nature, individuals possess natural rights to 'life, liberty, and property'?
Correct Option
Option D
Explanation
In his 'Second Treatise of Government' (1689), John Locke posited that natural law dictates that no one ought to harm another in their life, health, liberty, or possessions.
8
Thomas Hobbes, in 'Leviathan', argued that the fundamental 'law of nature' is to seek what?
Correct Option
Option B
Explanation
Hobbes defined the first law of nature as the precept that every man ought to endeavor peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it, to ensure self-preservation.
9
Lon Fuller, a modern natural law theorist, argued that law must satisfy certain procedural requirements known as what?
Correct Option
Option C
Explanation
In 'The Morality of Law' (1964), Fuller identified eight 'internal moralities' of law, such as clarity and non-retroactivity, which are essential for a legal system to function.
10
Which legal philosopher famously debated H.L.A. Hart regarding the necessity of a connection between law and morality?
Correct Option
Option B
Explanation
The Hart-Fuller debate in the 1958 Harvard Law Review centered on whether Nazi-era laws could be considered valid law if they lacked an inherent moral core.
11
John Finnis, in his work 'Natural Law and Natural Rights', identifies how many basic human goods that constitute the foundation of natural law?
Correct Option
Option A
Explanation
Finnis identifies seven basic goods: life, knowledge, play, aesthetic experience, sociability, practical reasonableness, and religion, which are self-evidently valuable.
12
The concept of 'Jus Gentium', or the law of nations, was developed by Roman jurists as a supplement to which system?
Correct Option
Option A
Explanation
Jus Gentium was the body of law applied to foreigners and citizens alike in Rome, distinct from the Jus Civile which applied strictly to Roman citizens.
13
Which philosopher argued that natural law is discovered through the 'right reason' (recta ratio) inherent in human nature?
Correct Option
Option A
Explanation
Cicero, in 'De Re Publica', defined true law as right reason in agreement with nature, which is universal and immutable.
14
What is the primary critique leveled by legal positivists against natural law theory?
Correct Option
Option A
Explanation
Legal positivists like H.L.A. Hart argue that natural law relies on subjective moral judgments rather than the objective, observable 'social facts' that constitute a legal system.
15
In the context of the Nuremberg Trials, the prosecution relied on natural law principles to argue against which legal defense?
Correct Option
Option B
Explanation
The trials challenged the 'legal positivist' defense that Nazi officials were merely following valid domestic laws, asserting that there are higher moral laws that supersede state statutes.
16
Which theory suggests that law is valid only if it conforms to the dictates of morality?
Correct Option
Option D
Explanation
The core tenet of natural law theory, summarized by the maxim 'lex injusta non est lex' (an unjust law is not a law), posits that moral validity is a condition for legal validity.
17
Which 20th-century philosopher argued that law is an 'interpretive concept' that must be understood through the lens of political morality?
Correct Option
Option B
Explanation
In 'Law's Empire' (1986), Dworkin argued that judges must interpret the law in a way that shows it in its best light, integrating moral principles into legal reasoning.
