While Dhrupad was the dominant serious style, the 'Khayal' (meaning imagination) style gained prominence in the later Mughal courts (specifically under Muhammad Shah Rangila) for its flexibility and ornamentation.

Nastaliq, a fluid and cursive style of Persian calligraphy, was the preferred script in Mughal India and is still the standard script for Urdu.

Gol Gumbaz, the tomb of Muhammad Adil Shah, boasts one of the largest domes in the world and a 'Whispering Gallery' where even soft sounds echo multiple times.

Tulsidas wrote the Ramcharitmanas during the reign of Akbar. Although he was not a court poet, the stable political environment allowed such literature to flourish.

Unani medicine (Greco-Arab medicine) was introduced to India by the Muslims and flourished under royal patronage, becoming an integral part of the Indian healthcare tradition.

Karkhanas were royal factories or workshops where artisans produced luxury goods, textiles, and weapons for the royal household and army.

The Chishti order, established in India by Moinuddin Chishti, had the widest appeal due to its tolerance, adoption of local languages, and use of music (Qawwali) in worship.

Humayun's Tomb in Delhi features the first use of the double dome in India—a system where an outer dome provides height for the exterior while an inner dome keeps the interior ceiling proportionate.

Al-Beruni accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni to India and wrote 'Kitab-ul-Hind' (Tahqiq-i-Hind), an encyclopedic work on Indian philosophy, mathematics, and culture.

The Alai Darwaza, built by Alauddin Khilji in 1311 at the Qutub complex, is widely considered the first structure in India to employ true Islamic principles of accurate arch and dome construction.