Modernist writers often used stream of consciousness to depict subjective experience and the flow of inner thought rather than external, linear narration.

In a liquidity trap (flat LM), monetary policy is ineffective but fiscal expansion increases aggregate demand and output; thus expansionary fiscal policy is effective.

Phishing uses social engineering—deceptive messages or sites—to trick users into divulging credentials or personal information.

Langar, the community kitchen serving free meals to all regardless of caste or status, embodies Sikhism's commitment to equality.

Dharma refers to duty, moral order and responsibilities that sustain social and cosmic order in Hinduism.

CSR involves voluntary corporate practices aimed at social and environmental well-being beyond mere legal compliance.

WWI expanded state intervention and led to increased attention to social welfare, including pensions and public health reforms, though full welfare systems developed gradually afterward.

Chartism sought democratic reforms—universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and other measures—to increase working-class representation in Parliament.

Radcliffe-Brown developed structural-functionalism, focusing on social structures and the functions they perform to maintain social order.

Pierre Bourdieu introduced 'habitus' to describe durable dispositions shaped by social conditions that guide practices and perceptions.