The Bakshi-ul-Mamalik (Chief Bakshi) was responsible for the payment of the military, the maintenance of the Mansabdari list, and the recruitment of soldiers. He was one of the four pillars of the central administration.

The Faujdar was a military officer appointed to a district (Sarkar). His primary duties were to maintain order, suppress rebellions, and assist the revenue officials in collecting taxes if the local zamindars refused to pay.

The Sadr-us-Sudur was the highest religious official. He was responsible for distributing imperial charities (Aima or Madad-i-Maash) to mosques, schools, and holy men, and acted as the emperor's advisor on religious matters.

Unlike his great-grandfather Babur, Jahangir wrote his memoirs in Persian, the standard literary language of the time. The book provides a fascinating glimpse into his personality, his interest in paintings, and the daily administration of the empire.

Jahangir struggled with addiction throughout his life, which sometimes affected his ability to govern. This allowed his wife Nur Jahan and her family (the Junta) to consolidate power and effectively manage the empire's affairs for over a decade.

While the Mughals were of Central Asian Turkic origin, they adopted Persian as the language of administration, literature, and culture. Persian influence permeated all levels of Mughal society, and the interaction between Persian and local Prakrit languages led to the development of Urdu.

Nur Jahan (Light of the World) was a highly capable and influential empress. She effectively ran the administration during Jahangir's later years as his health declined, issuing coins in her name and leading military campaigns, making her one of the most powerful women in Indian history.

Abul Fazl was one of Akbar's 'Nine Gems' and his official court historian. The Akbarnama provides a detailed history of Akbar's reign, while the Ain-i-Akbari focuses on the administration, statistical data, and cultural life of the empire, serving as a primary source for historians.

Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan leader, defeated Humayun at the Battles of Chausa (1539) and Kannauj (1540). During his five-year rule, he introduced significant administrative and land revenue reforms, including the 'Rupiya' currency and the Grand Trunk Road, which later served as a blueprint for Mughal administration.

The Munshis were the highly educated scribes who staffed the royal chancellery. They were masters of the Persian and Arabic languages, responsible for crafting the elaborate and formal language of Safavid diplomacy and law.